Delayed least mean squares filters suppressing the radio frequency interference in cosmic rays radio detection

Document Type : Article

Authors

1 University of Lodz, Department of Physics and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Intelligent Systems, 90-236 Lodz, Pomorska 149, Poland

2 Lodz University of Technology, Centre of Mathematics and Physics, 90-924 Lodz, Z_eromskiego 116, Poland

Abstract

The emission of radio waves from Extensive Air Showers (EAS), initiated by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, has been attributed to geomagnetic emission and charge excess processes. At frequencies from 10 to 100 MHz this process leads to coherent radiation. Nowadays, the radio detection technique is used in many experiments consisting in studying EAS. One of them is the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA), located at the Pierre Auger Observatory. The frequency band observed by the AERA radio stations is 30-80 MHz. This investigated
frequency range is often highly contaminated by human-made and narrow-band radio frequency interferences (RFI). The suppression of this contamination is crucial to lower the rate of spurious triggers.
An adaptive filter based on the Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm can be an alternative to the currently used IIR-notch non-adaptive filter. The paper presents 32/64-stage filters based on a non-canonical FIR filter implemented into cost-effective CycloneIV and CycloneV Altera FPGAs with a sufficient safety margin of the registered performance for a global clock
above 200 MHz to satisfy the Nyquist criterion.

Keywords

References

References:
1. Rossi, B. "Misure sulla distribuzione angolare di intensita dellaradiazione penetrante all' Asmara", La Ricerca Scientifica Supplemento, 1(9-10), pp. 579-589 (1934).
2. Schmeiser, K. and Bothe, W. "Die harten ultrastrahlschauer", Annals of Physics, 424, p. 161 (1938).
3. Kolhorster, W., Matthes, I., and Weber, E. "Gekoppelte Hohenstrahlen", Naturwissenschaften, 26, p. 576 (1938).
4. Auger, P., Maze, R., and Robley, A.F. "Extension et pouvoir penetrant des grandes grebes de rayons cosmiques", Comptes Rendus, 208, p. 1641 (1939).
5. Auger, P., Ehrenfest, P., Maze, R., et al. "Extensive cosmic ray showers", Reviews of Modern Physics, 11, pp. 288-291 (1939).
6. Pierre Auger Collaboration "The Pierre Auger cosmic ray observatory", Nucl. Instrum. Meth., A798, pp. 172-213 (2015).
7. Allan, H.R. "Cosmic ray physics", In Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 10, p. 169 (1971).
8. Fegan, D.J. "Detection of elusive radio and optical emission from cosmic-ray showers in the 1960s", Nucl. Instrum. Meth., A662, pp. S2-S11 (2012).
9. Falcke, H., Apel, W.D., Badea, A.F., et al. "Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio  ashes from cosmic ray air showers", Nature (London), 435, pp. 313-316 (2005).
10. Ardouin, D., Belletoile, A., Charrier, D., et al.  Radioelectric field features of extensive air showers observed with CODALEMA", Astropart. Phys., 26, pp. 341-350 (2006).
11. Fliescher, S. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), "Radio detection of cosmic ray induced air showers at the Pierre Auger observatory", Nucl. Instrum. Meth., A662, pp. S124-S129 (2012).
12. Dallier, R. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), "Measuring cosmic ray radio signals at the Pierre Auger Observatory", Nucl. Instrum. Meth., A630, pp. 218-221 (2011).
13. Huege, T. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), "Radio detection of cosmic rays in the Pierre Auger Observatory", Nucl. Instrum. Meth., A617, pp. 484-487 (2010).
14. van den Berg, A.M., (Pierre Auger Collaboration), "Results from and prospects for the Auger Engineering Radio Array ", Eur. Phys. J. Web Conf., 53, p. 080060 (2013).
15. Kahn, F.D. and Lerche, I. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 289, p. 206 (1966).
16. Askaryan, G.A. "Excess negative charge of an electronphoton shower and its coherent radio emission", Sov. Phys. JETP, 14, pp. 441-443 (1962).
17. Werner, K., de Vries, K.D., and Scholten, O. "A realistic treatment of geomagnetic Cherenkov radiation from cosmic ray air showers", Astropart. Phys., 37, pp. 5-16 (2012).
18. James, C.W., Falcke, H., Huege, T., et al. "General description of electromagnetic radiation processes based on instantaneous charge acceleration in "endpoints"", Phys. Rev., E84, p. 056602 (2011).
19. Szadkowski, Z. and G las, D. "Adaptive linear predictor FIR filter based on the cyclone V FPGA with HPS to reduce narrow band RFI in radio detection of cosmic rays", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 63(3), pp. 1455- 1462 (2016).
20. Szadkowski, Z. "Adaptive IIR-Notch filter for RFI suppression in a radio detection of cosmic rays", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 64(6), pp. 1292-1303 (2017).
21. Szadkowski, Z. "RFI filtering in AERA radio-detection of cosmic rays", Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS), St. Petersburg, Russia (May 22-25, 2017).
22. Szadkowski, Z. and Szadkowska, A. "Two-dimensional multiplier-less wavelet trigger for a radio-detection of cosmic rays", Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS), St. Petersburg, Russia (May 22-25, 2017).
23. Szadkowski, Z. "A hardware implementation of the Levinson routine in a radio detector of cosmic rays to improve a suppression of the nonstationary RFI", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 64(11), pp. 2895-2903 (2017).
24. Jafari, S., Hashemi Golpayegani, S.M.R., and Jafari, H. "A novel noise reduction method based on geometrical properties of continuous chaotic signals", Scientia Iranica, 19(6), pp. 1837-1842 (2012).
25. Kelley, J.L. for Pierre Auger Collaboration "Data acquisition, triggering, and filtering at the Auger engineering radio array", Nucl. Instrum. Meth., A725, pp. 133-136 (2013).
26. Pierre Auger Collaboration "Nano- second-level time synchronization of autonomous radio detector stations for extensive air showers", JINST, 11, p. 01018 (2016).
27. Pierre Auger Collaboration "Measurement of the radiation energy in the radio signal of extensive air showers as a universal estimator of cosmic-ray energy", Phys. Rev. Lett, 116(24), p. 241101 (2016).
28. Szadkowski, Z. "An optimization of the FPGA based wavelet trigger in radio detection of cosmic rays", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 62(3), pp. 993-1001 (2015).
29. Szadkowski, Z. and Pytel, K. "Artificial neural network as a FPGA trigger for a detection of very inclined air showers", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 62(3), pp. 1002- 1009 (2015).
30. Nagumo, J. and Noda, A. "A learning method for system identification", IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, 12(3), p. 282 (1967).
31. Albert, A.E. and Gardner, L.S., Stochastic Approximation and Nonlinear Regression, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (1967).
32. Szadkowski, Z. and G las, D. "The least mean squares adaptive FIR filter for narrow-band RFI suppression in radio detection of cosmic rays", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 64(6), pp. 1304-1315 (2017).
33. Bahoura, M. and Ezzaidi, H. "FPGA implementation of sequential adaptive noise canceller using Xilinx system generator", Proc. Conf. on Microelectronics, Marrakesh, pp. 213-216 (2009).
34. Papadhimitri, E., Testoni, N., and Maseti, G. "A filtering technique based on a DLMS algorithm for ultrasonography video", 1st International Symposium on Computing in Informatics and Mathematics (ISCIM 2011).
35. Mullins, S. and Heneghan, S. "Alternative least mean square adaptive filter architectures for implementation on field programmable gate arrays", 11th European Signal Processing Conference (2001).
36. Yi, Y., Woods, R., and Cowan, C.F.N. "High speed FPGA-based implementations of delayed-LMS filters", The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, 39, p. 113 (2005).
37. Dong, X., Li, H., and Wang, Y. "High-speed FPGA implementation of an improved LMS algorithm", International Conference on Computational Problem- Solving (ICCP) (2013).
38. Elhossini, A., Areibi, S., and Dony, R. "An FPGA Implementation of the LMS Adaptive Filter for Audio Processing", 2006 IEEE International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig) (2006).
39. Nagendra, S.K. and Vinay Kumar. S.B. "Echo cancellation in audio signal using LMS algorithm", National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology, Gujarat, India (2011).
40. Elamaran, V., Aswini, A., Niraimathi, V., et al. "FPGA implementation of audio enhancement using adaptive LMS filters", Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 5, pp. 221-226 (2012).
41. Szadkowski, Z., Fraenkel, E.D., and van den Berg Ad, M. "FPGA/NIOS implementation of an adaptive FIR filter using linear prediction to reduce narrow-band RFI for radio detection of cosmic rays", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 60(5), pp. 3483-3490 (2013).
42. Szadkowski, Z., G las D., Timmermans, C., at al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration) "First results from the FPGA/NIOS adaptive FIR filter using linear prediction implemented in the AERA radio stations to reduce narrow band RFI for radio detection of cosmic rays", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 62(3), pp. 977-984 (2015).
43. Shams Esfand Abadi, M., Moussavi, S.Z., and Mahlooji Far, A. "Variable, step-size, block normalized, least mean, square adaptive filter: A unified framework", Scientia Iranica, 15, pp. 195-202 (2008).
44. Szadkowski, Z. "Front-end board with cyclone V as a test high-resolution platform for the Auger Beyond 2015 front end electronics", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 62(3), pp. 985-1001 (2015).
45. Szadkowski, Z. "First results from high-resolution front end electronics for water Cherenkov air shower detectors equipped with cyclone V FPGA", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 63(3), pp. 1446-1454 (2016).
46. Pierre Auger Collaboration "Calibration of the logarithmic-periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) radio stations at the Pierre Auger Observatory using an octocopter", JINST, 12, p. T10005 (2017).
Scientia Iranica
Volume 29, Issue 5
Transactions on Computer Science & Engineering and Electrical Engineering (D)
September and October 2022
Pages 2437-2449

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics