Study of swelling behavior of temperature-sensitive hydrogels considering inextensibility of network

Document Type : Research Note

Author

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

Abstract

In this work, the equilibrium swelling of temperature sensitive hydrogel networks is studied with an emphasis on the chain locking of the network. Using Gent model for elastic part of free energy and modifying the mixing part of the free energy, a continuous model is developed which consider inextensibility of the network chains and has a good agreement with the experimental data particularly for smaller values of crosslinking density of the network and larger values of the swelling ratio. After validating the modified model, it is employed for the studying the inhomogeneous swelling of a spherical shell on a hard core both analytically and numerically. The analytical solution is used for validating the numerical method. Finally, the inhomogeneous swelling of a bilayer beam with an active temperature sensitive hydrogel is investigated and the results are presented. The obtained results show the importance level of considering the chain locking in swelling of the network in the applied problems.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Refrences:
1.Depa, K., Strachota, A., _Slouf, M., and Hrom_adkov_a, J. Fast temperature-responsive nanocomposite PNIPAM hydrogels with controlled pore wall thickness: Force and rate of T-response", European Polymer Journal, 48(12), pp. 1997-2007 (2012).
2. Chang, D.P., Dolbow, J.E., and Zauscher, S. Switchable friction of stimulus-responsive hydrogels", Langmuir, 23(1), pp. 250-257 (2007).
3. Wang, J., Chen, Z., Mauk, M., et al. Self-actuated, thermo-responsive hydrogel valves for lab on a chip", Biomedical Microdevices, 7(4), pp. 313-322 (2005). 4. Marcombe, R., Cai, S., and Hong, W. A theory of constrained swelling of a pH-sensitive hydrogel", Soft Matter, 6, pp. 784-793 (2010). 5. Kurnia, J.C., Birgersson, E., and Mujumdar, A.S. Analysis of a model for pH-sensitive hydrogels", Polymer, 53(2), pp. 613-622 (2012). 6. Mazaheri, H., Baghani, M., Naghdabadi, R., and Sohrabpour, S. Coupling behavior of the pH/temperature sensitive hydrogels for the inhomogeneous and homogeneous swelling", Smart Materials and Structures, 25(8), p. 085034 (2016). 7. Chester, S.A. and Anand, L. A coupled theory of uid permeation and large deformations for elastomeric materials", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 58(11), pp. 1879-1906 (2010). 8. Doi, M. Gel dynamics", Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 78(5), p. 052001 (2009). 9. Hong, W., Zhao, X., and Suo, Z. Large deformation and electrochemistry of polyelectrolyte gels", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 58(4), pp. 558- 577 (2010). 10. Li, J., Suo, Z., and Vlassak, J.J. A model of ideal elastomeric gels for polyelectrolyte gels", Soft Matter, 10(15), pp. 2582-2590 (2014). 11. Ahn, S.K., Kasi, R.M., Kim, S.C., et al. Stimuliresponsive polymer gels", Soft Matter, 4(6), pp. 1151- 1157 (2008). 12. Zr_inyi, M., Szil_agyi, A., Filipcsei, G., et al. Smart gel-glass based on the responsive properties of polymer gels", Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 12(9), pp. 501-505 (2001). 13. Toh, W., Ng, T.Y., Hu, J., and Liu, Z. Mechanics of inhomogeneous large deformation of photo-thermal sensitive hydrogels", International Journal of Solids and Structures, 51(25-26), pp. 4440-4451 (2014). 14. Osada, Y. and Gong, J.P. Soft and wet materials: polymer gels", Advanced Materials, 10(11), pp. 827- 837 (1998). H. Mazaheri/Scientia Iranica, Transactions B: Mechanical Engineering 26 (2019) 887{896 895 15. Li, H. Kinetics of smart hydrogels responding to electric _eld: A transient deformation analysis", International Journal of Solids and Structures, 46(6), pp. 1326-1333 (2009). 16. Ho_man, A.S. Hydrogels for biomedical applications", Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54(1), pp. 3-12 (2002). 17. Randhawa, J.S., Lain, K.E., Seelam, N., and Gracias, D.H. Microchemomechanical systems", Advanced Functional Materials, 21(13), pp. 2395-2410 (2011). 18. Abdolahi, J., Baghani, M., Arbabi, N., and Mazaheri, H. Analytical and numerical analysis of swellinginduced large bending of thermally-activated hydrogel bilayers", International Journal of Solids and Structures, 99, pp. 1-11 (2016). 19. Richter, A., Klatt, S., Paschew, G., and Klenke, C. Micropumps operated by swelling and shrinking of temperature-sensitive hydrogels", Lab on a Chip, 9(4), pp. 613-618 (2009). 20. Xia, C., Lee, H., and Fang, N. Solvent-driven polymeric micro beam Device", Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 20(8), p. 085030 (2010). 21. Westbrook, K.K. and Qi, H.J. Actuator designs using environmentally responsive hydrogels", Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 19, pp. 597-607 (2008). 22. Eddington, D.T. and Beebe, D.J. Flow control with hydrogels", Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 56(2), pp. 199-210 (2004). 23. Mazaheri, H., Baghani, M., Naghdabadi, R., and Sohrabpour, S. Inhomogeneous swelling behavior of temperature sensitive PNIPAM hydrogels in microvalves: analytical and numerical study", Smart Materials and Structures, 24(4), p. 045004 (2015). 24. Arbabi, N., Baghani, M., Abdolahi, J., et al. Study on pH-sensitive hydrogel micro-valves: A uid-structure interaction approach", Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 28(12), pp. 1589-1602 (2016). 25. Chester, S.A. and Anand, L. A thermo-mechanically coupled theory for uid permeation in elastomeric materials: Application to thermally responsive gels", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 59(10), pp. 1978-2006 (2011). 26. Cai, S. and Suo, Z. Mechanics and chemical thermodynamics of phase transition in temperature-sensitive hydrogels", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 59(11), pp. 2259-2278 (2011). 27. Birgersson, E., Li, H., and Wu, S. Transient analysis of temperature-sensitive neutral hydrogels", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56(2), pp. 444- 466 (2008). 28. Mazaheri, H., Baghani, M., and Naghdabadi, R. Inhomogeneous and homogeneous swelling behavior of temperature-sensitive poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels", Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 27(3), pp. 324-336 (2016). 29. Ji, H., Mourad, H., Fried, E., and Dolbow, J. Kinetics of thermally induced swelling of hydrogels", International Journal of Solids and Structures, 43(7-8), pp. 1878-1907 (2006). 30. Hong, W., Zhao, X., Zhou, J., and Suo, Z. A theory of coupled di_usion and large deformation in polymeric gels", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56(5), pp. 1779-1793 (2008). 31. Hong, W., Liu, Z., and Suo, Z. Inhomogeneous swelling of a gel in equilibrium with a solvent and mechanical load", International Journal of Solids and Structures, 46(17), pp. 3282-3289 (2009). 32. Li, J., Hu, Y., Vlassak, J.J., and Suo, Z. Experimental determination of equations of state for ideal elastomeric gels", Soft Matter, 8(31), pp. 8121-8128 (2012). 33. Cai, S. and Suo, Z. Equations of state for ideal elastomeric gels ", EPL (Europhysics Letters), 97(3), p. 34009 (2012). 34. Patra, K. and Sahu, R.K. A visco-hyperelastic approach to modelling rate-dependent large deformation of a dielectric acrylic elastomer", International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design, 11(1), pp. 79-90 (2015). 35. Flory, P.J. and Rehner Jr, J. Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks II. Swelling", The Journal of Chemical Physics, 11(11), pp. 521-526 (1943). 36. Huggins, M.L. Some properties of solutions of longchain compounds", Journal of Physical Chemistry, 46(1), pp. 151-158 (1942). 37. Afroze, F., Nies, E., and Berghmans, H. Phase transitions in the system poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/water and swelling behaviour of the corresponding networks", Journal of Molecular Structure, 554(1), pp. 55-68 (2000). 38. Oh, K.S., Oh, J.S., Choi, H.S., and Bae, Y.C. E_ect of cross-linking density on swelling behavior of NIPA gel particles", Macromolecules, 31(21), pp. 7328-7335 (1998). 39. Suzuki, A., Sanda, K., and Omori, Y. Phase transition in strongly stretched polymer gels", Journal of Chemical Physics, 107(13), pp. 5179-5185 (1997). 40. Ascher, U.M., Mattheij, R.M.M., and Russell, R.D., Numerical Solution of Boundary Value Problems for Ordinary Di_erential Equations, 478, Prentice Hall New Jersey (1988). 41. Zhao, X., Hong, W., and Suo, Z. Inhomogeneous and anisotropic equilibrium state of a swollen hydrogel containing a hard core", Applied Physics Letters, 92(5), p. 051904 (2008).