We propose a novel framework for incorporating unlabeled data into semi-supervised classification problems, where scenarios involving the minimization of either i) adversarially robust or ii) non-robust loss functions have been considered. Notably, we allow the unlabeled samples to deviate slightly (in total variation sense) from the in-domain distribution. The core idea behind our framework is to combine Distributionally Robust Optimization (DRO) with self-supervised training. As a result, we also leverage efficient polynomial-time algorithms for the training stage. From a theoretical standpoint, we apply our framework on the classification problem of a mixture of two Gaussians in R^d, where in addition to the m independent and labeled samples from the true distribution, a set of n (usually with n≫m) out of domain and unlabeled samples are given as well. Using only the labeled data, it is known that the generalization error can be bounded by (d/m)^1/2. However, using our method on both isotropic and non-isotropic Gaussian mixture models, one can derive a new set of analytically explicit and non-asymptotic bounds which show substantial improvement on the generalization error compared to ERM. Our results underscore two significant insights: 1)out-of-domain samples, even when unlabeled, can be harnessed to narrow the generalization gap, provided that the true data distribution adheres to a form of the cluster assumption, and 2)the semi-supervised learning paradigm can be regarded as a special case of our framework when there are no distributional shifts. We validate our claims through experiments conducted on a variety of synthetic and real-world datasets.
Saberi,A H , Najafi,A , Heidari,A , Movasaghinia,M H , Motahari,S A and H. Khalaj,B . (2026). Out-Of-Domain Unlabeled Data Improves Generalization. (e24245). Scientia Iranica, (), e24245 doi: 10.24200/sci.2026.67230.10491
MLA
Saberi,A H , , Najafi,A , , Heidari,A , , Movasaghinia,M H , , Motahari,S A , and H. Khalaj,B . "Out-Of-Domain Unlabeled Data Improves Generalization" .e24245 , Scientia Iranica, , , 2026, e24245. doi: 10.24200/sci.2026.67230.10491
HARVARD
Saberi A H, Najafi A, Heidari A, Movasaghinia M H, Motahari S A, H. Khalaj B. (2026). 'Out-Of-Domain Unlabeled Data Improves Generalization', Scientia Iranica, (), e24245. doi: 10.24200/sci.2026.67230.10491
CHICAGO
A H Saberi, A Najafi, A Heidari, M H Movasaghinia, S A Motahari and B H. Khalaj, "Out-Of-Domain Unlabeled Data Improves Generalization," Scientia Iranica, (2026): e24245, doi: 10.24200/sci.2026.67230.10491
VANCOUVER
Saberi A H, Najafi A, Heidari A, Movasaghinia M H, Motahari S A, H. Khalaj B. Out-Of-Domain Unlabeled Data Improves Generalization. Scientia Iranica. 2026;():e24245. doi: 10.24200/sci.2026.67230.10491