Stochastic nonlinear ground response analysis: A case study site in Shiraz, Iran

Document Type : Article

Authors

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

This study attempts to investigate the influence of the dynamic soil properties uncertainties on ground response analysis via a case study site. For this purpose, nonlinear time-domain ground response analysis and uncertainties in soil parameters are coupled simultaneously using a coded program in MATLAB. To take full advantage of the real data, two investigation boreholes are drilled in the site. The analysis is performed deterministically and then extended to the stochastic context in order to take into consideration the variability of Plastic Index, shear wave velocity, and unit weight of the soil. In a part of this study, the capability of the three different methods for predicting the stochastic fundamental period of the site including modal analysis, approximate method, and nonlinear method, is investigated. To achieve the advantage of the stochastic analysis, the maximum Coefficient of Variation (COV) of the peak ground motion parameters, fundamental period, response spectrum, and amplification factor are calculated. The results demonstrate that the heterogeneity of the soil parameters has a significant effect on the variation of the surface Peak Ground Displacement (PGD). Among the other stochastic responses, the fundamental period has received the least effect from soil parameters’ uncertainty.

Keywords


[1]          R. Tehseen, M. S. Farooq, and A. Abid, "Earthquake Prediction Using Expert Systems: A Systematic Mapping Study," Sustainability,  12(6),  pp. 2420-2452 (2020).
[2]          I. M. Murwantara, P. Yugopuspito, and R. Hermawan, "Comparison of machine learning performance for earthquake prediction in Indonesia using 30 years historical data," Telkomnika,  18(3),  pp. 1331-1342 (2020).
[3]          P. Hajikhodaverdikhan, M. Nazari, M. Mohsenizadeh, S. Shamshirband, and K.-w. Chau, "Earthquake prediction with meteorological data by particle filter-based support vector regression," Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics,  12(1),  pp. 679-688 (2018).
[4]          S. L. Kramer, Geotechnical earthquake engineering prentice hall, 1 Ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ). (1996).
[5]          N. Soltani and M. H. Bagheripour, "Non-linear seismic ground response analysis considering two-dimensional topographic irregularities," Scientia Iranica. Transaction A, Civil Engineering,  25(3),  pp. 1083-1093 (2018).
[6]          D. G. Anderson and F. Richart Jr, "Effects of stratining on shear modulus of clays," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,  102(ASCE# 12428),  pp. 975-987 (1976).
[7]          P. Schnabel, J. Lysmer, and H. Seed, "SHAKE–A computer program for earthquake response analyses of layered soils," User’s manual, EERC–72, Berkeley, CA,  (1972).
[8]          N. Yoshida, S. Kobayashi, I. Suetomi, and K. Miura, "Equivalent linear method considering frequency dependent characteristics of stiffness and damping," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  22(3),  pp. 205-222 (2002).
[9]          D. Assimaki and E. Kausel, "An equivalent linear algorithm with frequency-and pressure-dependent moduli and damping for the seismic analysis of deep sites," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  22(9-12),  pp. 959-965 (2002).
[10]        G. Masing, "Eigenspannungen und verfestigung beim messing," in Proceedings, second international congress of applied mechanics, pp. 332-335, (1926).
[11]        B. O. Hardin and V. P. Drnevich, "Shear modulus and damping in soils: measurement and parameter effects," Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div,  98(sm6),  pp. 603-627 (1972).
[12]        W. Ramberg and W. Osgood, "Description of stress-strain curves by three parameters," National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,  technical note(902),  pp. 1-28 (1943).
[13]        R. M. Pyke, "Nonlinear soil models for irregular cyclic loadings," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,  105(GT6),  pp. 715-726 (1980).
[14]        M. Vucetic, "Normalized behavior of clay under irregular cyclic loading," Canadian Geotechnical Journal,  27(1),  pp. 29-46 (1990).
[15]        M. Lee and W. Finn, "Dynamic effective stress analysis of soil deposits with energy transmitting boundary including assessment of liquefaction: DESRA-2. Soil Mechanics Series no. 38, Vancouver," British Columbia,  (1978).
[16]        N. Matasovic and M. Vucetic, "Seismic response of soil deposits composed of fully-saturated clay and sand layers," in Proc. First International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Eng, pp. 611-616, (1995).
[17]        R. L. Kondner and J. S. Zelasko, "A hyperbolic stress-strain formulation for sands," in Proc. 2 nd Pan Am. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., Brazil, 1(1), pp. 289-324, (1963).
[18]        Y. M. Hashash and D. Park, "Non-linear one-dimensional seismic ground motion propagation in the Mississippi embayment," Engineering Geology,  62(1),  pp. 185-206 (2001).
[19]        D. C. Lo Presti, C. G. Lai, and I. Puci, "ONDA: Computer code for nonlinear seismic response analyses of soil deposits," Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering,  132(2),  pp. 223-236 (2006).
[20]        C. Phillips and Y. M. Hashash, "Damping formulation for nonlinear 1D site response analyses," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  29(7),  pp. 1143-1158 (2009).
[21]        C. S. Markham, J. D. Bray, J. Macedo, and R. Luque, "Evaluating nonlinear effective stress site response analyses using records from the Canterbury earthquake sequence," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  82(1),  pp. 84-98 (2016).
[22]        Y. Hashash, D. Park, and C. Tsai, "DEEPSOIL—a computer program for onedimensional site response analysis," University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,  2(1),  (2005).
[23]        A. Angina, A. Steri, S. Stacul, and D. L. Presti, "Free-field seismic response analysis: The Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa case study," International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (IJGEE),  9(1),  pp. 1-21 (2018).
[24]        D. Assimaki, W. Li, J. Steidl, and J. Schmedes, "Quantifying nonlinearity susceptibility via site-response modeling uncertainty at three sites in the Los Angeles Basin," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,  98(5),  pp. 2364-2390 (2008).
[25]        E. Yee, J. P. Stewart, and K. Tokimatsu, "Elastic and large-strain nonlinear seismic site response from analysis of vertical array recordings," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,  139(10),  pp. 1789-1801 (2013).
[26]        J. Kaklamanos, L. G. Baise, E. M. Thompson, and L. Dorfmann, "Comparison of 1D linear, equivalent-linear, and nonlinear site response models at six KiK-net validation sites," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  69(1),  pp. 207-219 (2015).
[27]        I. V. Constantopoulos, J. M. Roesset, and J. Christian, "A comparison of linear and exact nonlinear analysis of soil amplification," in 5th WCEE, pp. 1806-1815, (1973).
[28]        W. B. Joyner and A. T. Chen, "Calculation of nonlinear ground response in earthquakes," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,  65(5),  pp. 1315-1336 (1975).
[29]        W. D. Iwan, "On a class of models for the yielding behavior of continuous and composite systems," 34(3), pp. 612-617 (1967).
[30]        R. I. Borja, H.-Y. Chao, F. J. Montáns, and C.-H. Lin, "SSI effects on ground motion at Lotung LSST site," Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering,  125(9),  pp. 760-770 (1999).
[31]        M. Anthi, P. Tasiopoulou, and N. Gerolymos, "A PLASTICITY MODEL FOR 1D SOIL RESPONSE ANALYSIS,"  pp. 1-12 (2017).
[32]        P. Tasiopoulou and N. Gerolymos, "Constitutive modeling of sand: formulation of a new plasticity approach," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  82(1),  pp. 205-221 (2016).
[33]        A. R. Kottke and E. M. Rathje, "Technical manual for Strata," University of California, Berkeley,  (2008).
[34]        N. Gerolymos and G. Gazetas, "Constitutive model for 1-D cyclic soil behaviour applied to seismic analysis of layered deposits," Soils and Foundations,  45(3),  pp. 147-159 (2005).
[35]        I. Idriss, "Evolution of the state of practice," in Int. Workshop on the Uncertainties in Nonlinear Soil Properties and Their Impact on Modeling Dynamic Soil Response, (2004).
[36]        E. H. Field and K. H. Jacob, "Monte‐Carlo Simulation of the Theoretical Site Response Variability at Turkey Flat, California, Given the Uncertainty in the Geotechnically Derived Input Parameters," Earthquake Spectra,  9(4),  pp. 669-701 (1993).
[37]        M. Rahman and C. Yeh, "Variability of seismic response of soils using stochastic finite element method," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  18(3),  pp. 229-245 (1999).
[38]        S. Wang and H. Hao, "Effects of random variations of soil properties on site amplification of seismic ground motions," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  22(7),  pp. 551-564 (2002).
[39]        E. Rosenblueth, "Point estimates for probability moments," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,  72(10),  pp. 3812-3814 (1975).
[40]        A. Nour, A. Slimani, N. Laouami, and H. Afra, "Finite element model for the probabilistic seismic response of heterogeneous soil profile," Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering,  23(5),  pp. 331-348 (2003).
[41]        J. E. Andrade and R. I. Borja, "Quantifying sensitivity of local site response models to statistical variations in soil properties," Acta Geotechnica,  1(1),  pp. 3-14 (2006).
[42]        F. Lopez-Caballero and A. Modaressi-Farahmand-Razavi, "Assessment of variability and uncertainties effects on the seismic response of a liquefiable soil profile," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  30(7),  pp. 600-613 (2010).
[43]        M. Rota, C. Lai, and C. Strobbia, "Stochastic 1D site response analysis at a site in central Italy," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  31(4),  pp. 626-639 (2011).
[44]        A. Johari and M. Momeni, "Stochastic analysis of ground response using non-recursive algorithm," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  69(1),  pp. 57-82 (2015).
[45]        C. Medel-Vera and T. Ji, "A stochastic ground motion accelerogram model for Northwest Europe," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  82(1),  pp. 170-195 (2016).
[46]        H. D. Berkane, Z. Harichane, E. Çelebi, and S. M. Elachachi, "Site dependent and spatially varying response spectra," Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,  18(3),  pp. 497-509 (2019).
[47]        A. Johari, B. Vali, and H. Golkarfard, "System reliability analysis of ground response based on peak ground acceleration considering soil layers cross-correlation," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  pp. xx-xx (2020).
[48]        M. B. Darendeli, "Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves,"  (2001).
[49]        N. M. Newmark, "A method of computation for structural dynamics," Journal of the engineering mechanics division,  85(3),  pp. 67-94 (1959).
[50]        E. L. Wilson, "A computer program for the dynamic stress analysis of underground structures," CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LAB (1968).
[51]        F. Menq, "Dynamic properties of sandy and gravelly soils [Ph. D. dissertation]," Austin: University of Texas,  (2003).
[52]        T. Kishida, R. W. Boulanger, N. A. Abrahamson, T. M. Wehling, and M. W. Driller, "Regression models for dynamic properties of highly organic soils," Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering,  135(4),  pp. 533-543 (2009).
[53]        E. Dean, Offshore geotechnical engineering. (2009).
[54]        B. O. Hardin and V. P. Drnevich, "Shear modulus and damping in soils: design equations and curves," Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div,  98(sm7),  (1972).
[55]        J. W. S. B. Rayleigh, The theory of sound. Macmillan, (1896).
[56]        I. S. Code, "Iranian code of practice for seismic resistant design of buildings," ed: Standard,  (Standard, 2005).
[57]        A. Johari and A. Amjadi, "Stochastic Analysis of Settlement Rate in Unsaturated Soils," in Geo-Risk 2017, pp. 631-639  (2017).
[58]        A. Johari and S. Mousavi, "An analytical probabilistic analysis of slopes based on limit equilibrium methods," Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,  78(6),  pp. 4333-4347 (2019).
[59]        A. Johari, A. Javadi, M. Makiabadi, and A. Khodaparast, "Reliability assessment of liquefaction potential using the jointly distributed random variables method," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  38(1),  pp. 81-87 (2012).
[60]        P. Bazzurro and C. A. Cornell, "Ground-motion amplification in nonlinear soil sites with uncertain properties," Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,  94(6),  pp. 2090-2109 (2004).
[61]        S. Barani and D. Spallarossa, "Soil amplification in probabilistic ground motion hazard analysis," Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,  15(6),  pp. 2525-2545 (2017).
[62]        I. W. Burr, "Cumulative frequency functions," The Annals of mathematical statistics,  13(2),  pp. 215-232 (1942).
[63]        A. Johari and H. Golkarfard, "Reliability analysis of unsaturated soil sites based on fundamental period throughout Shiraz, Iran," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,  115(1),  pp. 183-197 (2018).
[64]        G. A. Madera, Fundamental period and amplification of peak acceleration in layered systems. MIT Department of Civil Engineering, Inter-American Program, (1970).
[65]        A. Englard, "The mitigation and prevention of structural damage to buildings and infrastructure due to earthquake-induced loads," in Masters Abstracts International, 48(05), (2010).
[66]        C. Arnold, "Designing for Earthquakes: A Manual for Architects," Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, California. Available as a book or online from http://www. fema. gov/library/viewRecord. do,  (2007).
Volume 28, Issue 4
Transactions on Civil Engineering (A)
July and August 2021
Pages 2070-2086
  • Receive Date: 19 May 2020
  • Revise Date: 08 December 2020
  • Accept Date: 04 January 2021