Engineering properties of sand reinforced with plastic waste

Document Type : Article

Authors

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran

Abstract

A series of triaxial compression tests were performed to evaluate the benefits of plastic wastes and investigate the engineering properties of sand reinforced with these materials. In this research, the effects of plastic waste contents (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% by dry weight of sand), types of plastic wastes -polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) fibers- and confining pressures (50, 100 and 200 kPa) on the behavior of Babolsar sand were investigated. The values of deformation modulus (up to 84%), peak (up to 7 times of the unreinforced sand) and steady state shear strength increased with reinforcement. Also, axial strain at failure for fiber-reinforced sand increased up to 1.5 times of unreinforced one (from 3.36% to 8.53% for 1% PP usage at 50 kPa confining pressure). Therefore, it can be generally stated that the use of plastic wastes in the sand leads to low cost soil reinforcement and also lessens the disposal problem of these kinds of wastes.

Keywords


References
1. Tang, C., Shi, B., Gao, W., Chen, F., and Cai, Y.\Strength and mechanical behavior of short polypropylene ber reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil",Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 25(3), pp. 194{202(2007).2. Bendjillali, K. and Chemrouk, M. \Eciency of plastic bres waste on the physico-mechanical properties ofmortars in hot-dry conditions", International Journalof Natural Sciences Research, 4(4), pp. 75{82 (2016).3. Hejazi, S.M., Sheikhzadeh, M., Abtahi, S.M., andZadhoush, A. \A simple review of soil reinforcementby using natural and synthetic bers", Constructionand Building Materials, 30, pp. 100{116 (2012).4. Mirzababaei, M., Arulrajah, A., Haque, A., Nimbalkar,S., and Mohajerani, A. \E ect of ber reinforcementon shear strength and void ratio of softclay", Geosynthetics International, 25(4), pp. 471{480(2018).5. Choudhary, A.K., Jha, J.N., and Gill, K.S. \Utilizationof plastic wastes for improving the sub-grades in
exiblepavements", In Paving Materials and PavementAnalysis, pp. 320{326 (2010).6. Eweed, K.M., Ebrahim, Y.K., and Ali, R.S. \E ectingthe addition of the plastic waste and rubber on the constructionsmaterials properties", In IOP ConferenceSeries: Materials Science and Engineering, 454(1),012151 (2018).7. Abbaspour, M., Narani, S.S., Aaki, E., and Nejad,F.M. \Behavior of a subgrade soil reinforced by wastetire textile bers under static and cyclic loading",Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 32(8),04020208 (2020).8. Abbaspour, M., Narani, S.S., Aaki, E., Moghadas Nejad,F., and Mir Mohammad Hosseini, S.M. \Strengthand swelling properties of a Waste Tire Textile Fiber(WTTF)-reinforced expansive soil", Geosynthetics International,pp. 1{14 (2020).9. Narani, S.S., Abbaspour, M., Hosseini, S.M.M., A
aki,E., and Nejad, F.M. \Sustainable reuse of Waste TireTextile Fibers (WTTFs) as reinforcement materialsfor expansive soils: With a special focus on land llliners/covers", Journal of Cleaner Production, 247,119151 (2020).10. Foose, G.J., Benson, C.H., and Bosscher, P.J. \Sandreinforced with Engineering (ASCE), 122(9), pp. 760{767 (1996).11. Zornberg, J.G., Cabral, A.R., and Viratjandr, C.\Behaviour of tire shred-sand mixtures", CanadianGeotechnical Journal, 41(2), pp. 227{241 (2004).12. Ghazavi, M. \Shear strength characteristics of sandmixedwith granular rubber", Geotechnical and GeologicalEngineering, 22(3), pp. 401{416 (2004).13. Mashiri, M.S., Vinod, J.S., Sheikh, M.N., and Tsang,H.H. \Shear strength and dilatancy behaviour of sandtyrechip mixtures", Soils and Foundations, 55(3), pp.517{528 (2015).14. Indraratna, B., Sun, Q., and Grant, J. \Behaviourof subballast reinforced with used tyre and potentialapplication in rail tracks", Transportation Geotechnics,12, pp. 26{36 (2017).15. Narani, S.S., Abbaspour, M., Hosseini, S.M.M., andNejad, F.M. \Long-term dynamic behavior of a sandysubgrade reinforced by Waste Tire Textile Fibers(WTTFs)", Transportation Geotechnics, 24, 1003752020).16. Soltani, A., Deng, A., Taheri, A., Mirzababaei, M.,and Nikraz, H. \Interfacial shear strength of rubberreinfordclays: A dimensional analysis perspective",Geosynthetics International, 26(2), pp. 164{183(2019).
17. Abbaspour, M., Aaki, E., and Nejad, F.M. \Reuse ofwaste tire textile bers as soil reinforcement", Journalof Cleaner Production, 207, pp. 1059{1071 (2019).18. Yadav, J.S. and Tiwari, S.K. \E ect of waste rubber bres on the geotechnical properties of clay stablizedwith cement", Applied Clay Science, 149, pp. 97{110(2017).19. Benson, C.H. and Khire, M.V. \Reinforcing sand withstrips of reclaimed high-density polyethylene", Journalof Geotechnical Engineering (ASCE), 120(5), pp. 838{855 (1994).20. Consoli, N.C., Montardo, J.P., Prietto, P.D.M., andPasa, G.S. \Engineering behavior of a sand reinforcedwith plastic waste", Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering (ASCE), 128(6), pp.462{472 (2002).
21. Kim, Y.T., Kim, H.J., and Lee, G.H. \Mechanicalbehavior of lightweight soil reinforced with waste
shing net", Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 26, pp.512{518 (2008).22. Babu, G.S. and Chouksey, S.K.. \Stress-strain response
of plastic waste mixed soil", Waste Management,31, pp. 481{488 (2011).1222 B. Ta'negonbadi et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 28 (2021) 1212{1222
23. Muntohar, A.S., Widianti, A., Hartono, E., and Diana,W. \Engineering properties of silty soil stabilized withlime and rice rusk ash and reinforced with waste plastic ber", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering(ASCE), 25(9), pp. 1260{1270 (2013).24. ASTM D-422, Standard Test Method for Particle-sizeAnalysis of Soils, Annual Book of ASTM Standards,USA (2007).25. ASTM D-2487, Standard Practice for Classi cation ofSoils for Engineering Purposes (Uni ed Soil Classi cationSystem), Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA(2017).26. ASTM D-854, Standard Test Methods for Speci cGravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, AnnualBook of ASTM Standards, USA (2014).27. ASTM D-4254, Standard Test Methods For MinimumIndex Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculationof Relative Density, Annual Book of ASTMStandards, USA (2016).28. ASTM D-4253, Standard Test Methods For MaximumIndex Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using aVibratory Table, Annual Book of ASTM Standards,USA (2016).29. Noorzad, R. and Amini, P.F. \Liquefaction resistanceof Babolsar sand reinforced with randomly distributed bers under cyclic loading", Soil Dynamics and EarthquakeEngineering, 66, pp. 281{292 (2014).
30. Baldi, G., Hight, D.W., and Thomas, G.E. \State-ofthe-art paper: a reevaluation of conventional triaxialtest methods", In Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soiland Rock, ASTM International (1988).31. Lambe, T.W. and Whitman, R.V., Soil Mechanics SIVersion, John Wiley and Sons, New York (2008).32. Haeri, S.M., Noorzad, R., and Oskoorouchi, A.M.\E ect of geotextile reinforcement on the mechanicalbehavior of sand", Geotextiles and Geomembranes,18(6), pp. 385{402 (2000).33. Noorzad, R. and Raveshi, M. \Mechanical behaviorof waste tire crumbs-sand mixtures determined by triaxialtests", Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,35(4), pp. 1793{1802 (2017).34. Head, K.H., Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing, 3,Pentech Press, London (1986).35. Baldi, G. and Nova, R. \Membrane penetration e ectsin triaxial testing", Journal of Geotechnical engineering,
110(3), pp. 403{420 (1984).36. Anagnostopoulos, C.A., Papaliangas, T.T., Konstantinidis,D., and Patronis, C. \Shear strength of sandsreinforced with polypropylene bers", Geotechnicaland Geological Engineering, 31(2), pp. 401{423 (2013).37. Mirzababaei, M., Arulrajah, A., Horpibulsuk, S., andAldava, M. \Shear strength of a bre-reinforced clayat large shear displacement when subjected to di erentstress histories", Geotextiles and Geomembranes,
45(5), pp. 422{429 (2017).38. Bishop, A.W. \Shear strength parameters for undisturbedand remoulded soil specimens", In Proceedingsof the Roscoe Memorial Symposium, Cambridge University,Cambridge, Weight, pp. 29{31 (1971).39. Ta'negonbadi, B. and Noorzad, R. \Stabilizationof clayey soil using lignosulfonate", TransportationGeotechnics, 12, pp. 45{55 (2017).40. Duncan, J.M. and Dunlop, P. \The signi cance of capand base restraint", Journal of the Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division, 94(1), pp. 271{290 (1968).41. Dutta, R.K. and Venkatappa Rao, G. \Engineeringproperties of sand reinforced with strips from wasteplastic", In Proceedings of the International Conferenceon Geotechnical Engineering, Sharjah, UAE, pp.186{193 (2004).