Originally, control mechanisms were proposed to replace the need for human intervention in operational environments, and thus, enhance the precision and reaction time. Nowadays, new requirements in computer systems such as adaptation have made the design of control mechanisms more challenging. The Observer/Controller pattern is one of the control mechanisms proposed to control many interacting independent elements by making intelligent decisions. An important challenge in designing these mechanisms is that the knowledge needed for decision making is provided by experts; therefore, the process becomes time consuming and costly, depending on the availability of experts and their costs. In this paper, we hypothesize that employing a Game With A Purpose can help to improve the process of providing knowledge in such control mechanisms by using crowd-sourcing and involving non-expert humans in an enjoyable manner. This hypothesis has been investigated by Macrophage+, a Game With A Purpose implemented for this goal. We conducted experiments evaluating Macrophage+, focusing on both its applicability and effectiveness in the context of the observer/controller pattern as well as its enjoyability for the players. The results show that Macrophage+ is a successful Game With A Purpose that involves non-expert humans in the application of the observer/controller pattern.
Shaw, M., Andersson, J., Litoiu, M., Schmerl, B., Tamura, G., Villegas, N.M., Vogel, T., Weyns, D., Baresi, L., Becker, B., Bencomo, N., Brun, Y., Cukic, B., Desmarais, R., Dustdar, S., Engels, G., Geihs, K., Goschka, K.M., Gorla, A., Grassi, V., Inverardi, P., Karsai, G., Kramer, J., Lopes, A., Magee, J., Malek, S., Mankovskii, S., Mirandola, R., Mylopoulos, J., Nierstrasz, O., Pezz_e, M., Prehofer, C., Schafer, W., Schlichting, R., Smith, D.B., Sousa, J.P., Tahvildari, L., Wong, K., andWuttke, J. Software engineering for selfadaptive systems: A second research Roadmap", De Lemos, R., Giese, H., Muller, H.A., Shaw, M., Editors, In Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7475, pp. 1{32, Springer, Berlin, Germany (2013).
Nafz, F., Steghofer, J.P., Seebach, H., et al. Formal modeling and veri_cation of self-* systems based on observer/controller architectures", In Camara J., de Lemos R., Ghezzi, C., and Lopes A., Editors, Assurances for Self-Adaptive Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7740, pp. 80{111, Springer (2013).
Salehie, M. and Tahvildari, L. Self-adaptive software: Landscape and research challenges", Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst., 4(2), pp. 1{42 (2009).
Mac__as-Escriv_a, F.D., Haber, R., del Toro, R., et al. Self-adaptive systems: A survey of current approaches, research challenges and applications", Expert Systems with Applications, 40(18), pp. 7267{7279 (2013).
Kephart, J.O. and Chess, D.M. The vision of autonomic computing", Computer, 36(1), pp. 41{50 (2003).
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Model-based adaptation of behavioral mismatching components", IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, 34(4), pp. 546{ 563 (2008). 28. Filieri, A., Ho_mann, H., and Maggio, M. Automated design of self-adaptive software with control theoretical formal guarantees", In Proc. of the 36th Intl. Conf. on Software Engineering, pp. 299{310, Hyderabad, India (2014). 29. Nafz, F., Ortmeier, F., Seebach, H., et al. A generic software framework for role-based organic computing systems", In Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, SEAMS'09. ICSE Workshop on, pp. 96{105, Cape Town, South Africa (2009). 30. Fischer, P., Nafz, F., Seebach, H., et al. Ensuring correct self-recon_guration in safety-critical applications by veri_ed result checking", In Proc. of the 2011 Workshop on Organic Computing, OC'11, pp. 3{12, New York, USA (2011). 31. Kaiser, G., Parekh, J., Gross, P., et al. 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Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7475, pp. 1{32, Springer, Berlin, Germany (2013). 2. Nafz, F., Steghofer, J.P., Seebach, H., et al. Formal modeling and veri_cation of self-* systems based on observer/controller architectures", In Camara J., de Lemos R., Ghezzi, C., and Lopes A., Editors, Assurances for Self-Adaptive Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7740, pp. 80{111, Springer (2013). 3. Salehie, M. and Tahvildari, L. Self-adaptive software: Landscape and research challenges", Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst., 4(2), pp. 1{42 (2009). 4. Mac__as-Escriv_a, F.D., Haber, R., del Toro, R., et al. Self-adaptive systems: A survey of current approaches, research challenges and applications", Expert Systems with Applications, 40(18), pp. 7267{7279 (2013). 5. Kephart, J.O. and Chess, D.M. The vision of autonomic computing", Computer, 36(1), pp. 41{50 (2003). 6. Muller-Schloer, C. and Tomforde, S., Organic Computing - Technical Systems for Survival in the Real World, Springer, Berlin, Germany (2017). 7. Muller-Schloer, C., Schmeck, H., and Ungerer, T., Editors, Organic Computing - A paradigm Shift for Complex Systems, 1st Edn., Springer, Berlin, Germany (2011). 8. Seebach, H., Ortmeier, F., and Reif, W. Design and construction of organic computing systems", In Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2007, pp. 4215{4221, Singapore (2007). 9. Krupitzer, C., Roth, F.M., VanSyckel, S., et al. A survey on engineering approaches for self-adaptive systems", Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 17, pp. 184{206 (2015). 10. Momtazi, S. and Moradiannasab, O. A statistical approach to knowledge discovery: Bootstrap analysis of language models for knowledge base population from unstructured text", Scientia Iranica, 26, pp. 26{39 (2019). 11. Winter, S., Richter, K.F., Baldwin, T., et al. Location-based mobile games for spatial knowledge acquisition", In Proc. of the Workshop on Cognitive Engineering for Mobile GIS, Belfast, Ireland (2011). 12. Ponsen, M., Spronck, P., Munoz-Avila, H., et al. Knowledge acquisition for adaptive game AI", Science of Computer Programming, 67(1), pp. 59{75 (2007). A. Tarihi et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 27 (2020) 2985{3004 3001 13. Bimba, A.T., Idris, N., Al-Hunaiyyan, A., et al. Towards knowledge modeling and manipulation technologies: A survey", Intl. Journal of Information Management, 36(6), pp. 857{871 (2016). 14. Von Ahn, L. Games with a purpose", Computer, 39(6), pp. 92{94 (2006). 15. Cooper, S., Khatib, F., Treuille, A., et al. Predicting protein structures with a multiplayer online game", Nature, 466(7307), pp. 756{760 (2010). 16. Law, E.L.M., Von Ahn, L., Dannenberg, R.B., et al. Tagatune: A game for music and sound annotation", In Proc. 8th Intl. Conf. on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR), 3, pp. 361{364, Vienna, Austria (2007). 17. Quinn, A.J. and Bederson, B.B. Human computation: A survey and taxonomy of a growing _eld", In Proc. of the SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CH'11), pp. 1403{1412, New York, USA (2011). 18. Sabou, M., Bontcheva, K., Scharl, A., et al. Games with a purpose or mechanized labor?: A comparative study", In Proc. of the 13th Intl. Conf. on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Technologies, p. 19, Graz, Austria (2013). 19. Wang, A., Hoang, C.D.V., and Kan, M.K. Perspectives on crowdsourcing annotations for natural language processing", Language Resources and Evaluation, 47(1), pp. 9{31 (2013). 20. Weng, L., Schifanella, R., and Menczer, F. Design of social games for collecting reliable semantic annotations", In 16th Intl. Conf. on Computer Games (CGAMES), pp. 185{192, Louisville, KY, USA (2011). 21. Reason, J., Human Error, Cambridge University Press (1990). 22. Rasmussen, J. Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models", Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE, Transactions on, 3, pp. 257{266 (1987). 23. Lalanda, P., McCann, J.A., and Diaconescu, A. Autonomic computing", In Principles, Design and Implementation, 1st Edn., Springer, Germany (2013). 24. Garlan, D., Schmerl, B., and Cheng, S.W. Software architecture-based self-adaptation", In Autonomic Computing and Networking, pp. 31{55, Springer, Germany (2009). 25. Garlan, D., Cheng, S.W., Huang, A.C., et al. Rainbow: Architecture-based self-adaptation with reusable infrastructure", Computer, 37(10), pp. 46{54 (2004). 26. Oreizy, P., Medvidovic, N., and Taylor, R.N. Architecture-based runtime software evolution", In Proc. of the 20th Intl. Conf. on Software Engineering, pp. 177{186, Kyoto, Japan (1998). 27. Canal, C., Poizat, P., and Salaun, G. Model-based adaptation of behavioral mismatching components", IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, 34(4), pp. 546{ 563 (2008). 28. Filieri, A., Ho_mann, H., and Maggio, M. Automated design of self-adaptive software with control theoretical formal guarantees", In Proc. of the 36th Intl. Conf. on Software Engineering, pp. 299{310, Hyderabad, India (2014). 29. Nafz, F., Ortmeier, F., Seebach, H., et al. A generic software framework for role-based organic computing systems", In Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, SEAMS'09. ICSE Workshop on, pp. 96{105, Cape Town, South Africa (2009). 30. Fischer, P., Nafz, F., Seebach, H., et al. Ensuring correct self-recon_guration in safety-critical applications by veri_ed result checking", In Proc. of the 2011 Workshop on Organic Computing, OC'11, pp. 3{12, New York, USA (2011). 31. Kaiser, G., Parekh, J., Gross, P., et al. 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Tarihi, A., Haghighi, H., Shams Aliee, F., & Setarenejad, A. (2020). Macrophage+: A game with a purpose for applying human intelligence in control mechanisms. Scientia Iranica, 27(6), 2985-3004. doi: 10.24200/sci.2020.50799.1874
MLA
A. Tarihi; H. Haghighi; F. Shams Aliee; A. Setarenejad. "Macrophage+: A game with a purpose for applying human intelligence in control mechanisms". Scientia Iranica, 27, 6, 2020, 2985-3004. doi: 10.24200/sci.2020.50799.1874
HARVARD
Tarihi, A., Haghighi, H., Shams Aliee, F., Setarenejad, A. (2020). 'Macrophage+: A game with a purpose for applying human intelligence in control mechanisms', Scientia Iranica, 27(6), pp. 2985-3004. doi: 10.24200/sci.2020.50799.1874
VANCOUVER
Tarihi, A., Haghighi, H., Shams Aliee, F., Setarenejad, A. Macrophage+: A game with a purpose for applying human intelligence in control mechanisms. Scientia Iranica, 2020; 27(6): 2985-3004. doi: 10.24200/sci.2020.50799.1874