References
1. McCarthy, P.S. and Tay, R.S. \New vehicle consumption
and fuel eciency: A nested logit approach",
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation
Review, 34(1), pp. 39{51 (1998).
2. Bhat, C.R., Sen, S., and Eluru, N. \The impact of
demographics, built environment attributes, vehicle
characteristics, and gasoline prices on household vehicle
holdings and use", Transportation Research Part
B: Methodological, 43(1), pp. 1{18 (2009).
3. Liu, Y., Tremblay, J.-M., and Cirillo, C. \An integrated
model for discrete and continuous decisions
with application to vehicle ownership, type and usage
choices", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and
Practice, 69, pp. 315{328 (2014).
4. Van Acker, V., Spatial and Social Variations in Travel
Behaviour: Incorporating Lifestyles and Attitudes
Into Travel Behaviour-Land Use Interaction Research,
Ghent University (2010).
5. Choo, S. and Mokhtarian, P.L. \What type of vehicle
do people drive? The role of attitude and lifestyle
in in
uencing vehicle type choice", Transportation
Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(3), pp. 201{
222 (2004).
6. Chamberlain, C. \A preliminary model of auto choice
by class of car: aggregate state data", unpublished
discussion paper, Transportation Systems Center, U.S.
Department of Transportation (1974).
7. Huang, H., Chin, H.C., and Haque, M.M. \Severity of
driver injury and vehicle damage in trac crashes at
intersections: a Bayesian hierarchical analysis", Accident
Analysis & Prevention, 40(1) pp. 45{54 (2008).
8. Delkhosh, M., Saadat-Foumani, M., and Rostami, P.
\Optimization of power train and control strategy of
hybrid electric vehicles", Scientia Iranica, 22(5), pp.
1842{1854 (2015).
9. Poorzahedy, H., Aghababazadeh, B., and Babazadeh,
A. \Dynamic network pricing to contain urban air
pollution in stochastic environment", Scientia Iranica.,
Transactions A, Civil Engineering, 23(5), p. 2005
(2016).
10. Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Ocial Website,
2017, http://www.lmo.ir, (accessed 5.12.17).
11. Top 20 countries in primary energy consumption in
2016, https://www.statista.com/statistics/263455
/primary-energy-consumption-of-selected-countries/,
(accessed 19.12.17).
12. Pollution Index (2016). https://www.numbeo.com
/pollution/rankings.jsp?title=2016, (accessed
19.12.17).
13. Eluru, N., Bhat, C.R., Pendyala, R.M., and Konduri,
K.C. \A joint
exible econometric model system of
household residential location and vehicle
eet composition/
usage choices", Transportation, 37(4), pp. 603{
626 (2010).
14. Mohammadian, A. and Miller, E. \Empirical investigation
of household vehicle type choice decisions",
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, 1854, pp. 99{106 (2003).
15. Beck, M.J., Rose, J.M., and Hensher, D.A. \Environmental
attitudes and emissions charging: An
example of policy implications for vehicle choice",
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,
50, pp. 171{182 (2013).
16. Zhang, J., Fujiwara, A., and Kuwano, M. \Modeling
group decision-making mechanisms in household travel
behavior: theories and an application", Journal of the
Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 7, pp.
654{669 (2007).
17. Peters, A., de Haan, P., and Scholz, R.W. \Understanding
car-buying behavior: psychological determinants
of energy eciency and practical implications",
International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,
9(1), pp. 59{72 (2015).
18. Federal Highway Administration \1995 NPTS Early
Results Report", Publication No. FHWA-PL-97-028,
US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, Washington, DC (1997).
19. Lerner, M.O., Hickey, S., Dulla, R., and Holmes, J.
\Gasoline consumption model", I, Final report (No.
PB-256024), Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.,
Arlington, VA (USA) (1975).
154 A. Mohammadi and M. Kermanshah/Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 28 (2021) 138{155
20. Ayres, R., Dogget, R.M., Dussec, D., Humpstone,
C., and Lander, J. \Automobile forecasting models",
Report prepared by International Research and
Technology Corporation for the Oce of Technology
Assessment, U.S. Congress, Working Paper IRT-446R
(1976).
Ayres, R., Landen, J., Humpstone, C., Dussec, D., and
Doggett, R. \Automobile forecasting models" (1976).
21. Manski, C.F. and Sherman, L. \An empirical analysis
of household choice among motor vehicles", Transportation
Research Part A: general, 14(5), pp. 349{366
(1980).
22. Hocherman, I., Prashker, J.N., and Ben-Akiva, M.
\Estimation and use of dynamic transaction models
of automobile ownership", Transportation Research
Record, 944, pp. 134{141, ISSN: 0361{1981 (1983).
23. Mannering, F. and Winston, C. \A dynamic empirical
analysis of household vehicle ownership and utilization",
The RAND Journal of Economics, 16(2), pp.
215{236 (1985).
24. Golob, T.F., Kim, S., and Ren, W. \How households
use dierent types of vehicles: A structural driver
allocation and usage model", Transportation Research
Part A: Policy and Practice, 30(2), pp. 103{118
(1996).
25. Wu, G., Yamamoto, T., and Kitamura, R. \Vehicle
ownership model that incorporates the causal structure
underlying attitudes toward vehicle ownership",
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, 1676(1), pp. 61{67 (1999).
26. Mohammadian, A. and Miller, E. \Nested logit models
and articial neural networks for predicting household
automobile choices: comparison of performance",
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation
Research Board, 1807, pp. 92{100 (2002).
27. Bhat, C.R. and Sen, S. \Household vehicle type holdings
and usage: an application of the multiple discretecontinuous
extreme value (MDCEV) model", Transportation
Research Part B: Methodological, 40(1), pp.
35{53 (2006).
28. Spissu, E., Pinjari, A.R., Pendyala, R.M., and Bhat,
C.R. \A copula-based joint multinomial discretecontinuous
model of vehicle type choice and miles of
travel", Transportation, 36(4), pp. 403{422 (2009).
29. Paleti, R., Eluru, N., Bhat, C., Pendyala, R., Adler,
T., and Goulias, K. \Design of comprehensive microsimulator
of household vehicle
eet composition,
utilization, and evolution", Transportation Research
Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board,
2254(1), pp. 44{57 (2011).
30. Vyas, G., Paleti, R., Bhat, C., Goulias, K., Pendyala,
R., Hu, H.-h., Adler, T., and Bahreinian, A. \Joint
vehicle holdings, by type and vintage, and primary
driver assignment model with application for California",
Transportation Research Record: Journal of
the Transportation Research Board, 2302, pp. 74{83
(2012).
31. Lave, C.A. and Train, K. \A disaggregate model of
auto-type choice", Transportation Research Part A:
general, 13(1), pp. 1{9 (1979).
32. Berkovec, J. \Forecasting automobile demand using
disaggregate choice models", Transportation Research
Part B: Methodological, 19(4), pp. 315{329 (1985).
33. Berkovec, J. and Rust, J. \A nested logit model of automobile
holdings for one vehicle households", Transportation
Research Part B: Methodological, 19(4), pp.
275{285 (1985).
34. Cao, X., Mokhtarian, P.L., and Handy, S.L. \Neighborhood
design and vehicle type choice: Evidence from
Northern California", Transportation Research Part
D: Transport and Environment, 11(2), pp. 133{145
(2006).
35. Potoglou, D. \Vehicle-type choice and neighbourhood
characteristics: An empirical study of Hamilton,
Canada", Transportation Research Part D: Transport
and Environment, 13(3), pp. 177{186 (2008).
36. Paleti, R., Bhat, C., Pendyala, R., and Goulias, K.
\Modeling of household vehicle type choice accommodating
spatial dependence eects", Transportation Research
Record: Journal of the Transportation Research
Board, 2343, pp. 86{94 (2013).
37. Garling, T., Gillholm, R., and Garling, A. \Reintroducing
attitude theory in travel behavior research: The
validity of an interactive interview procedure to predict
car use", Transportation, 25(2), pp. 129{146 (1998).
38. Salomon, I. and Ben-Akiva, M. \The use of the lifestyle
concept in travel demand models", Environment
and Planning A, 15(5), pp. 623{638 (1983).
39. Wachs, M., Transportation for the Elderly: Changing
Lifestyles, Changing Needs, University of California
Press (1979).
40. Ulleberg, P. and Rundmo, T. \Risk-taking attitudes
among young drivers: The psychometric qualities and
dimensionality of an instrument to measure young
drivers' risk-taking attitudes", Scandinavian Journal
of Psychology, 43(3), pp. 227{237 (2002).
41. Chen, C.-F. \Personality, safety attitudes and risky
driving behaviors-evidence from young Taiwanese motorcyclists",
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(5),
pp. 963{968 (2009).
42. Shock, N.W. \Normal human aging: The Baltimore
longitudinal study of aging", US Department of Health
and Human Services, Public Health Service, National
Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging,
Gerontology Research Center (1984).
43. Eysenck, H.J. \A model for personality", Springer
Science & Business Media (2012).
44. Redmond, L., Identifying and Analyzing Travel-
Related Attitudinal, Personality, and Lifestyle Clusters
in the San Francisco Bay Area, Institute of Transportation
Studies (2000).
45. Mokhtarian, P.L., Salomon, I., and Redmond, L.S.
\Understanding the demand for travel: It's not
A. Mohammadi and M. Kermanshah/Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 28 (2021) 138{155 155
purely'derived", Innovation: The European Journal of
Social Science Research, 14(4), pp. 355{380 (2001).
46. Tehran Municipality Ocial Website (2016),
http://atlas.tehran.ir (accessed 21.11.16).
47. Statistical Center of Iran Ocial Website (2017),
https://www.amar.org.ir (accessed 5.12.17).
48. Potoglou, D. and Kanaroglou, P.S. \Modelling car
ownership in urban areas: a case study of Hamilton,
Canada", Journal of Transport Geography, 16(1), pp.
42{54 (2008).
49. Vehicle Size and Weight: Bigger Heavier Vehicles
Protect Their Occupants Better. Insurance
Institute for Highway Safety Website (2017).
http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/vehicle-size-andweight/
fatalityfacts/passenge r-vehicles (accessed
18.11.17).
50. Dashtestaninejad, H., Vaziri, M., and Timmermans,
H. \Rural location-based activity generation: a case
study of Iran villages", Transportation Letters, 8(3),
pp. 131{139 (2016).
51. Brown, T.A., Conrmatory Factor Analysis for Applied
Research, Guilford Publications (2014).
52. Costello, A.B. and Osborne, J.W. \Best practices in
exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations
for getting the most from your analysis", Practical
Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), pp. 1{9
(2005).
53. Kianfar, K., Ahadzadeh Namin, M., Alam Tabriz, A.,
Naja, E., and Hosseinzadeh Lot, F. \Hybrid cluster
and data envelopment analysis with interval data",
Scientia Iranica, 25(5), pp. 2904{2911 (2018).
54. Van Wee, B. \Self-selection: A key to a better understanding
of location choices, travel behaviour and
transport externalities?", Transport Reviews, 29(3),
pp. 279{292 (2009).