An endochronic- based approach to simulating pore water pressure variation during liquefaction of sand

Document Type : Article

Authors

Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Liquefaction is one of the consequences of earthquake in soil layers comprised of saturated loose sands. Various aspects of liquefaction have been investigated using different methods of field, laboratory, and numerical studies. Numerical simulation of liquefaction constitutes a major part of these researches. Application of a proper constitutive law in the numerical analysis is crucial for modeling the
complicated undrained behavior of saturated sands during dynamic loading. Simplicity of formulation, limited number of parameters, and good performance are the main features of a proper constitutive law. In this study, an Endochronicbased model for simulating liquefaction of sand is implemented into the finite element program, PISA. Coupled dynamic field equations of Biot’s theory with u-p formulation are used to determine pore fluid and soil skeleton responses. Generalized Newmark method is employed for integration in time. The developed code is capable of predicting the magnitude of the generated pore water pressure, coupled with advanced constitutive laws such as critical state twosurface plasticity as well as simple models such as Mohr- Coulomb. Simulating cyclic simple shear and centrifuge tests using Endochronic model showed favorable performance of this model for predicting the variation of pore water pressure in saturated soil layers subjected to earthquake excitations.

Keywords

References

References:
1. Lopez-Querol, S. and Blazquez, R. "Liquefaction, and cyclic mobility model for saturated granular media", International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 30(5), pp. 413-439 (2006).
2. Dafalias, Y.F. "Overview of constitutive model used in velacs", In Verification of Numerical Procedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction Problems, 2, Rotterdam, Balkema (1993).
3. Valanis, K.C. "A theory of viscoplasticity without a yield surface. Part 1: General theory", Arch. Mech., 23, pp. 535-551 (1971).
4. Han, C.W and Yang, R.J. "Application of the improved endochronic theory of plasticity to loading with multiaxial strain-path", International Journal of Nonlinear Mechanics, 18(5), pp. 395-408 (1983).
5. Valanis, K.C. and Read, H.E. "A new endochronic plasticity model for soils", In: Soil Mechanics- Transient and Cyclic Loads, Wiley, pp. 375-417 (1982).
6. Bazant Zdenek, P. and Krizek Raymond, J. "Endochronic constitutive law for liquefaction of sand", Journal of The Engineering Mechanics Division, 102(2), pp. 225-238 (1976).
7. Zienkiewicz, O.C., Chang, C.T., and Hinton, E. "Nonlinear seismic response and liquefaction", International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2(4), pp. 381-404 (1978).
8. Finn, W.L. and Bhatia, S.K. "Endochronic theory of sand liquefaction", In Proceedings of the 7th Word Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Turkey: Istanbul (1980).
9. Blazquez, R. and Lopez-Querol, S. "Generalized densification law for dry sand subjected to dynamic loading", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(9), pp. 888-898 (2006).
10. Cuellar, V. "Rearrangement measure theory applied to dynamic behavior of sand", PhD Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, U.S.A. (1974).
11. Papadimitriou, A., Bouckovalas G., and Dafalias Y. "Plasticity model for sand under small and large cyclic strains", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(11), pp. 973-983 (2001).
12. Blazquez, R. and Lopez-Querol, S. "Endochronicbased approach to the failure of the lower San Fernando dam in 1971", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(9), pp. 1144-1153 (2007).
13. Lopez-Querol, S. and Blazquez, R. "Validation of a new endochronic liquefaction model for granular soil by using centrifuge test data", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 27(10), pp. 920-937 (2007).
14. Chan, D. and Morgenstern, N. "SAGE: a finite element program for stress analysis in geotechnical engineering", Technical report, Geotechnical Group. The University of Alberta (1998).
15. Chan, D. "PISA: Program for incremental stress analysis", User Manual, version 1.0, PISA Inc (1997).
16. Pak, A. "Numerical modelling of hydraulic fracturing", Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta (1997).
17. Shahir, H. "Dynamic analysis of saturated porous media for numerical simulation of liquefaction", M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (2001).
18. Rahmani, A., Ghasemi Fare, O., and Pak, A. "Investigation of the influence of permeability coefficient on the numerical modeling of the liquefaction phenomenon", Scientia Iranica : Transactions A, 19(2), pp. 179-187 (2012). 
19. Shahir, H., Pak, A., Taibeat, M., and Jeremic, B. "Evaluation of variation of permeability in liquefiable soil under earthquake loading", Computers and Geotechnics, 40, pp. 74-88 (2012).
20. Biot, M.A. "General theory of three dimensional  onsolidation", Journal of Applied Physics, 12(2), pp. 155-168 (1941).
21. Zienkiewicz, O.C. and Shiomi, T. "Dynamic behavior of saturated porous media; the generalized biot formulation and its numerical solution", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 8, pp. 71-96 (1984).
22. Katona, M.G. and Zienkiewicz, O.C. "A unified set of single step algorithms part 3: The beta-m method, a generalization of the newmark scheme", International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 21, pp. 1345-1359 (1985).
23. Arulanandan, K. and Sybico, J. "Post liquefaction settlement of sand", In Proceeding of the Worth Memorial Symposium England, Oxford University (1992).
24. Jafarzadeh, F. and Yanagisawa, E. "Settlement of sand models under unidirectional shaking", First International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, IS Tokyo (1995).
25. Shahir, H. and Pak, A. "Estimating liquefactioninduced settlement of shallow foundations by numerical approach", Computers and Geotechnics, 37(3), pp. 267-279 (2010).
26. Arulmoli, K., Muraleetharan, K.K., Hossain, M.M., and Fruth, L.S. "Velacs: Verification of liquefaction analyses by centrifuge studies-laboratory testing program", Soil Data Report, Earth Technology Corporation (1992).
27. Taboada, V.M. and Dobry, R. Experimental results of model no. 1 at RPI, University of California, California Institute of Technology (1993).
28. Manzari, M.T. and Dafalias, Y.F. "A critical state two-surface plasticity model for sands", Geotechnique, 47(2), pp. 255-272 (1997).
Scientia Iranica
Volume 27, Issue 2
Transactions on Civil Engineering (A)
March and April 2020
Pages 541-550

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 19 January 2017
  • Revise Date: 17 December 2017
  • Accept Date: 02 July 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics