Medium-term planning of vehicle-to-grid aggregators for providing frequency regulation service

Document Type : Article

Authors

1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Shahreza, Shahreza, Iran

Abstract

Utilization of electric vehicles’ battery to provide frequency regulation service in electricity markets is a technically feasible and economically attractive idea. The role of aggregators as a middleman between electric vehicle owners and the frequency regulation market has been discussed in literature. However, the economic interaction between the aggregator and the vehicle owners on division of interests is still a missing point. In this paper, a new pricing model for aggregators of electric vehicles is proposed in a way, that not only maximizes its profit, but also the vehicle owners have sufficient incentives to take part in the offered Vehicle-to-Grid program. In our proposed model, the aggregator takes into account the depreciation cost of electric vehicle batteries and the cost of net energy transaction between the electric vehicles and the grid, and considers these items in settling accounts with vehicle owners. The proposed model has been implemented on PJM frequency regulation market and the results are discussed in the paper.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

References:
1. Khan, S. and Kushler, A., Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (2013). Available at: http://www.aceee.org/research-report/t133.
2. Maloney, P. "After record year, U.S. energy storage forecasted to break 1 GW capacity mark in 2019", Utility Dive, U.S. (2016). Available at: http://www.utilitydive.com/news/after-record-yearus- energy-storage-forecasted-t o-break-1-gw-capacityma/ 415081/, accessed Dec. 2016.
3. DeBord, M. "Electric cars could be nearing a critically important tipping point for explosive growth", Business Insider (2016). Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-2020s-could-bethe- decade-of-the-electric-car-2016-2 accessed Jan. 2017.
4. "World Energy Outlook", International Energy Agency (2011). Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ publication/WEO2011-WEB.pdf.
5. Kempton, W. and Tomic, J. "Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy", Journal of Power Sources, 144, pp. 280-294 (2005).
6. Hosseini, S.S., Badri, A., and Parvania, M. "A survey on mobile energy storage systems (MESS): applications, challenges and solutions", Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, pp. 161-170 (2014).
7. Vagropoulos, S.I. and Bakirtzis, A.G. "Optimal bidding strategy for electric vehicle aggregators in electricity markets", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 28(4), pp. 4031-4041 (2013).
8. Guille, C. and Gross, G. "A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation", Energy Policy, 37, pp. 4379-4390 (2009).
9. Quinn, C., Zimmerle, D., and Bradley, T.H. "The effect of communication architecture on the availability, reliability, and economics of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle-to-grid ancillary services", Journal of Power Sources, 195(5), pp. 1500-1509 (2010).
10. Kempton, W., Udo V., Huber, K., Komara, K., Letendre, S., Baker, S., Brunner, D., and Pearre, N., A Test of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) for Energy Storage and Frequency Regulation in the PJM System, University of Delaware, Pepco Holdings, PJM Interconnect, Green Mountain College (2008).
11. Donadee, J. and Ilic, M. "Stochastic co-optimization of charging and frequency regulation by electric vehicles", 2012 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Champaign, IL, pp. 1-6 (2012).
12. Baringo, L. and Amaro, R.S. "A stochastic robust optimization approach for the bidding strategy of an electric vehicle aggregator", Electric Power Systems Research, 146, pp. 362-370 (2017).
13. Sortomme, E. and El-Sharkawi, M.A. "Optimal scheduling of vehicle-to-grid energy and ancillary services", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(1), pp. 351-359 (2012).
14. Janjic, A. and Velimirovic, L.Z. "Optimal scheduling of utility electric vehicle fleet offering ancillary services", ETRI Journal, 37(2), pp. 273-282 (2015).
15. Sortomme, E. and El-Sharkawi, M.A. "Optimal charging strategies for unidirectional vehicle-to-grid", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2, pp. 131-138 (2011).
16. Gabriel, S.A., Conejo, A.J., Plazas, M.A., and Balakrishnan, S. "Optimal price and quantity determination for retail electric power contracts", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 21(1), pp. 180-187 (2006).
17. Carrion, M., Conejo, A.J., and Arroyo, J. M. "Forward contracting and selling price determination for a retailer", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 22(4), pp. 2105-2114 (2007).
18. Kharrati, S., Kazemi, M., and Ehsan, M. "Mediumterm retailer's planning and participation strategy considering electricity market uncertainties", Int. Trans. Electr. Energ. Syst., 26, pp. 920-933 (2016).
19. Mankiw, N.G., Principles of Microeconomics, Thomson Nelson, Toronto, CA (2008).
20. Fluhr, J., Ahlert, K.H., andWeinhardt, C. "A stochastic model for simulating the availability of electric vehicles for services to the power grid", 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Honolulu, HI, pp. 1-10 (2010).
21. Pandurangan, V., Zareipour, H., and Malik, O. "Frequency regulation services: A comparative study of select North American and European reserve markets", North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Champaign, IL, pp. 1-8 (2012).
22. "Ancillary Services", PJM State & Member Training Department (2013). Available at: http://www.pjm.com//media/training/corecurriculum/ ip-gen-301/gen-301-ancillaryservices. ashx, accessed February 2013.
23. Hill, D.M., Agarwal, A.S., and Ayello, F. "Fleet operator risks for using fleets for V2G regulation", Energy Policy, 41, pp. 221-231 (2012).
24. Bishop, J.D., Axon, C.J., Bonilla, D., Tran, M., Banister, D., and McCulloch, M.D. "Evaluating the impact of V2G services on the degradation of batteries in PHEV and EV", Applied Energy, 111, pp. 206-218 (2013).
25. Dallinger, D., Krampe, D., and Wietschel, M. "Vehicle-to-grid regulation reserves rased on a dynamic simulation of mobility behavior", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2(2), pp. 302-313 (2011).
26. Ruther, R., Pereira Junior, L.C., Bittencourt, A.H., Drude, L., and Dos Santos, I.P. "Strategies for plug-in electric vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and photovoltaics (PV) for peak demand reduction in urban regions in a smart grid environment", In Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids, S. Rajakaruna et al., Springer, Singapore (2015).
27. Rosenkranz, K. "Deep-cycle batteries for plug-in hybrid application", 20th Electric Vehicles Symp. (EVS 20), Long Beach, CA (2003).
28. "Preliminary regulation summary", January 2013, Report by PJM (2013). Available at: http://www.pjm.com, accessed November 2013.
29. "PJM manual 28: Operating agreement accounting, revision 71, June 1, 2015", Report by PJM (2015). Available at: http://www.pjm.com/marketsand- operations /ancillary services.aspx, accessed December 2015.
30. "Reg-data-external-1-31-January-2013", Report by PJM (2013). Available at: http://www.pjm.com, accessed November 2013.
31. Pavic, I., Capuder, T., and Kuzle, I. "Value of  flexible electric vehicles in providing spinning reserve services", Applied Energy, 157, pp. 60-74 (2015).
32. "Stem CTO: Lithium-Ion battery prices fell 70% in the last 18 months", Report by S. Lacey, Available at: https://www. greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ stem-cto-weve-seen-battery-prices-fall-70-in-the-last- 18-months, accessed January 2017.
Scientia Iranica
Volume 27, Issue 3
Transactions on Computer Science & Engineering and Electrical Engineering (D)
June 2020
Pages 1413-1423

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics