Loading frequency effect on dynamic properties of mixed sandy soils

Document Type : Article

Authors

1 Head of Geotechnical Engineering Lab., Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center (BHRC), Tehran, P.O. Box:13145-1696, Iran

2 Institute of Building and Housing, Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center (BHRC), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Most of the previous studies focused on pure (clean) sands, silts and clays and less effort has been dedicated toward understanding the dynamic behaviors of natural sandy soils. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of loading frequency as one of the most important factors affects the dynamic properties especially stiffness and damping characteristics of natural sandy soils mixed with silt and gravel. For this purpose, 40 dynamic triaxial tests were carried out on the cylindrical samples prepared from three mixed sandy materials. Cyclic tests were performed using large triaxial apparatus under different confinement, waveforms and loading frequencies. Results showed that, shear modulus and damping ratio were dependent on confining pressure and loading frequency. Shear modulus and damping ratio increase as loading frequency increases. Moreover, the shear modulus increases as confining pressure increases but damping ratio decreases. However, the effect of triangle, sinusoidal and rectangle waveforms on the dynamic behavior was negligible. At the ranges of strains studied, the effects of number of cyclic loading and excess pore water pressure over  and  were negligible. There are considerable differences between obtained results for the tested soils and literature results, even for the almost same loading frequency.

Keywords

Main Subjects


References
1. Lade, P.V. and Yamamuro, J.A. \E ects of nonplastic
nes on static liquefaction of sands", Can. Geotech. J.,
34(6), pp. 918-928 (1997).
2. Thevanayagam, S. and Mohan, S. \Intergranular state
variables and stress-strain behaviour of silty sands",
Geotechnique, 50(1), pp. 1-23 (2000).
3. Janalizadeh, A., Ghalandarzadeh, A., and Esmaeili,
M. \Behavior of sand- gravel composite with two different
method under seismic liquefaction conditions",
Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Silences,
2(6), pp. 123-131 (2012).
4. Kong, X., Xu, B., and Zou, D. \experimental study on
the behaviors of sand-gravel composites liquefaction",
Soil Stress-Strain Behavior: Measurement and Analysis,
Geotechnical Symposium in Roma, March 16 & 17
(2006).
5. Seed, H.B., Wong, R.T., Idriss, I.M., and Tokimatsu,
K. \Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses
of cohesionless soils", J. Geotech. Eng., 112(11), pp.
1016-1032 (1986).
6. Aghaei Araei, A., Razeghi, H.R., Ghalandarzadeh,
A., and Hashemi Tabatabaei, S. \E ects of loading
rate and initial stress on stress-strain behavior of
rock ll materials under monotonic and cyclic loading
conditions", J. Scientia Iranica, 19(5), pp. 1220-1235
(2012).
7. Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. \Soil moduli and damping
factors for dynamic analysis", Report No. EERC 70-
10, University of California, Berkeley (1970).
8. Idriss, I.M. \Response of soft soil sites during earthquakes",
Proc. H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium,
J.M. Duncan (editor), 2, pp. 273-290 (1990).
9. Park, D. and Hashash, Y.M.A. \Rate-dependent soil
behavior in seismic site response analysis", Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 45(4), pp. 454-469 (2008).
10. Lai, C.G., Pallara, O., Lo Presti, D.C., and Turco,
E. \Low-strain sti ness and material damping ratio
coupling in soils, Advanced laboratory stress-strain
testing of geomaterials", T. Tatsuoka, S. Shibuya, and
R. Kuwano, Eds., Balkema, Lisse, The Netherlands,
pp. 265-274 (2001).
11. Meng, J. \Earthquake ground motion simulation with
frequency-dependent soil properties", Soil Dynamics
and Earthquake Engineering, Elsevier, 27, pp. 234-241
(2007).
12. Meza-Fajardo, K.C. and Lai, C.G. \Explicit causal
relations between material damping ratio and phase
velocity from exact solutions of the dispersion equations
of linear viscoelasticity", Geophysical Journal
International, 171(3), pp. 1247-1257 (2007).
13. Rix, G.J. and Meng, J. \A non-resonance method for
measuring dynamic soil properties", Geotech. Test. J.,
28(1), pp. 1-8 (2005).
14. Khan, Z.H., Cascante, G., El Naggar, M.H., and Lai,
C.G. \Measurement of frequency-dependent dynamic
properties of soils using the resonant-column device",
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
ASCE, 134(9), pp. 1319-1326 (2008).
15. Shibuya, S., Mitachi, T., Fukuda, F., and Degoshi, T.
\Strain-rate e ects on shear modulus and damping of
normally consolidated clay", Geotech. Test. J., 18(3),
pp. 365-375 (1995).
16. Feizi-Khankandi, S., Mirghasemi, A.A., Ghalandarzadeh,
A., and Hoeg, K. \The cyclic triaxial tests
on asphalt concrete as a water barrier for embankment
dams", Soils and Foundations, 48(3), pp. 319-332
(2008).
17. Rollins, K.M., Evans, M.D., Diehl, N.B., and Daily,
W.D. \Shear modulus and damping relationships for
gravels", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, ASCE, 124(5), pp. 398-405 (1998).
18. ASTM D3999. \Standard test methods for the determination
of the modulus and damping properties
of soils using the cyclic triaxial apparatus", Annual
Book of ASTM Standard, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA (2006).
19. Zhang, J., Andrus, R., and Juang, C.H. \Normalized
shear modulus and material damping ratio relationships",
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, ASEC, 130(4), pp. 453-464 (2005).
20. Aghaei Araei, A., Tabatabaei, S.H., and Ghalandarzadeh,
A. \Assessment of shear modulus and damping
ratio of gravelly soils", Research Project, No. 3-
4469- 2007, BHRC, Iran (2008).
21. Maheshwari, B.K., Kale, S.S., and Kaynia, A.M.
\Dynamic properties of Solani sand at large strains: a
parametric study", International Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 6, pp. 353-358 (2012).
22. Aghaei Araei, A., Tabatabaei, S.H., and Ghalandarzadeh,
A. \Assessment of shear modulus and damping
ratio of gravelly soils", BHRC Publication, No. R-
548, BHRC, Iran (2011a).
23. Aghaei Araei, A., Razeghi, H.R., Tabatabaei, S.H.,
and Ghalandarzadeh, A. \Evaluation of frequency
content on properties of gravelly soils", BHRC Publication,
No. R-630, BHRC, Iran (2011b).
A. Aghaei Araei and A. Ghodrati/Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 25 (2018) 2461{2479 2479
24. Aghaei Araei, A., Razeghi, H.R., Tabatabaei, S.H.,
and Ghalandarzadeh, A. \Loading frequency e ect
on sti ness, damping and cyclic strength of modeled
rock ll materials", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering, Elsevier, 33(1), pp. 1-18 (2012).
25. Ling, X.Z., Zhang, F., Li, Q.L., and Wang, J.H.
\Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of frozen
compacted sand subjected to freeze-thaw cycle under
multi-stage cyclic loading", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering, 76, pp. 111-121 (2015).
26. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), \Guidelines
for determining design basis ground motions", Final
Rep. No. TR-102293, Palo Alto, Calif (1993).
27. Kokusho, T. \Cyclic triaxial test of dynamic soil properties
for wide strain range", Soils and Foundations,
20, pp. 45-60 (1980).
28. ASTM D698 \Standard test methods for laboratory
compaction characteristics of soils using standard effort"
(2007).
29. Nishio, N., Tamaoki, K., and Machida, Y. \Dynamic
deformation characteristics of crushed gravel by means
of large-size triaxial test apparatus", Proceedings of
the 2th Annual Convention, Japanese Society of Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, pp. 603-604
(1985).
30. Sundarraj, K.P. \Evaluation of deformation characteristics
of 1-G model ground during shaking using a
laminar box", PhD Dissertation, University of Tokyo,
Japan (1996).
31. Kallioglou, P., Tika, T.H., and Pitilakis, K. \Shear
modulus and 938 damping ratio of cohesive soils", J.
Earthquake Eng. 12(6), pp. 879-913 (2008).
32. ASTM D4015. \Standard test methods for modulus
and damping of soils by the resonant-column method",
Re-approved 2000 (1992).