References
1. Finn, W.D.L. State of the art geotechnical earthquake
engineering practice", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering, 20, pp. 1{15 (2000).
2. Das, B.M. and Ramana, G.V., Principles of Soil
Dynamics, Second Edition, CENGAGE Learning Publication,
ISBN-13: 978-0-495-41134-5 (2010).
3. Bray, J.D. and Macedo, J. 6th Ishihara lecture: Simpli
ed procedure for estimating liquefaction-induced
building settlement", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering, 102, pp. 215{231 (2017).
4. Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. Simplied procedure for
evaluating soil liquefaction potential", Journal of the
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, 97(SM9),
Proc. Paper 8371, pp. 1249{1273 (1971).
5. Cetin, K.O., Seed, R.B., Kiureghian, A.D., Tokimatsu,
K., Harder, L.F., Kayen, R.E., and Moss,
E.S. Standard penetration test-based probabilistic
and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction
potential", Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 130(12), pp. 1314{1340 (2004).
6. Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M., Ground Motion and Soil
Liquefaction During Earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute, Oakland, Ca (1982).
7. Andrews, D.C.A. and Martin, G.R. Criteria for liquefaction
of silty soils", 12th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Proceedings, Auckland, New
Zealand (2000).
8. Bray, J.D., Sancio, R.B., Durgunoglu, T., Onalp, A.,
Seed, R.B., Stewart, J.P., Youd, T.L., Baturay, M.L.,
Cetin, K.O., Christensen, C., Karadayilar, T., and
Emrem, C. Ground failure in Adapazari, Turkey.
Proceedings of earthquake geotechnical engineering
satellite conference of the XVth", International Conference
on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,
Istanbul, Turkey, August 24{25 (2001).
9. Sancio, R.B., Bray, J.D., Stewart, J.P., Youd, T.L.,
Durgunoglu, H.T., Onalp, A., Seed, R.B., Christensen,
C., Baturay, M.B., and Karadayilar, T. Correlation
between ground failure and soil conditions in
Adapazari, Turkey", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering, 22, pp. 1093{1102 (2002).
10. Chu, D.B., Stewart, J.P., Lee, S., Tsai, J.S., Lin,
P.S., Chu, L.B., Seed, R.B., Hsu, S.C., Yu, M.S.,
and Wang, M.C. Documentation of soil conditions
at liquefaction and non-liquefaction sites from 1999
Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake", Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering, 24, pp. 647{657 (2004).
11. Chang, M., Kuo, C.P., Shau, S.H., and Hsu, R.E.
Comparison of SPT-N-based analysis methods in
evaluation of liquefaction potential during the 1999
Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan", Computers and
Geotechnics, 38, pp. 393{406 (2011).
12. Tokimatsu, K., and Yoshimi, Y. Empirical correlation
of soil liquefaction based on SPT-N values and nes
content", Soils and Foundations, 23(4), pp. 56-74
(1983).
13. Youd, T.L., Idriss, I.M., Andrus, R.D., et al. Liquefaction
resistance of soils: Summary report from the
1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on
evaluation liquefaction resistance of soils", Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(4) pp.
297{313 (1998).
14. Japan Rail Association (JRA) Design code and explanations
for roadway bridges", Part V, Seismic
Resistance Design, Japan (1996).
15. Seed, R.B., Cetin, K.O., Moss, R.E.S., Kammerer,
A.M., Wu, J., Pestana, J.M., Riemer, M.F., Sancio,
R.B., Bray, J.D., Kayen, R.E., and Faris, A. Recent
advances in soil liquefaction engineering: A unied
and consistent framework", 26th Annual ASCE Los
Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar, Keynote Presentation,
HMS. Queen Mary, Long Beach, California,
Berkeley, Earthquake Engineering Research Center
(EERC) (2003).
16. Sato, H., Nhan, T.T., and Matsuda, H. Earthquake
induced settlement of a clay layer", Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering, 104, pp. 418{431 (2018).
17. Casagrande, A. The structure of clay and its importance
in foundation engineering", Contribution to
Soil Mechanics, 1925{1940, Boston Society of Civil
Engineering, pp. 257{276 (1932).
18. Castro, G. Liquefaction of sands", Harvard Soil
Mechanics Series, 81, Harvard University, Cambridge,
MA (1969).
19. Ishihara, K. Liquefaction and
ow failure during
earthquakes: Thirty-third rankine lecture", Geotechnique,
43(3), pp. 351{415 (1993).
20. Robertson, P.K. and Wride, C.E. Evaluating cyclic
liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test",
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 35(3), pp. 442{459
(1998).
21. Javanmardi, Y., Imam, S.M.R., Pastor, M., and Manzanal,
D. A reference state curve to dene the state
of soils over a wide range of pressures and densities",
Geotechnique, 68(2), pp. 95{106 (2018).
22. Andrus, R.D. and Stokoe, K.H. Liquefaction resistance
based on shear wave velocity", NCEER Workshop
on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils,
NCEER-97-0022 (1997).
E. Ghorbani and A.M. Rajabi/Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 27 (2020) 639{656 655
23. Hynes, M.E., Olsen, R., and Yule, D.E. In
uence of
conning stress on liquefaction resistance", Proc, International
Symposium on the Physics and Mechanics
of Liquefaction, Balkema, pp. 145{152 (1998).
24. Bay, J.A. and Cox, B.R. Shear wave velocity proling
and liquefaction assessment of sites shaken by the 1999
Kocaeli", Turkey Earthquake, PEER project SA3017{
18336 (2001).
25. Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. Semi-empirical
procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during
earthquakes", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,
26, pp. 115{130 (2006).
26. Boulanger, R.W. High overburden stress eects in
liquefaction analysis", Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 129(12), pp. 1071{1082 (2003).
27. Boulanger, R.W. and Idriss, I.M. State normalization
of penetration resistance and the eect of overburden
stress on liquefaction resistance", 11th International
Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Geotechnical
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley,
CA (2004).
28. Seed, H.B., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L.F., and Chung,
R.M. The in
uence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction
resistance evaluations", Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, ASCE, 111(12), pp. 1425{1445 (1985).
29. Gratchev, I.B., Sassa, K., Osipov, V.I., and Sokolov,
V.N. The liquefaction of clayey soils under cyclic
loading", Engineering Geology, 86, pp. 70{84 (2006).
30. Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. Evaluating of cyclic
softening in silts and clays", Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 133(6), pp. 641{652 (2015).
31. Seed, H.B. Earthquake-resistance design of earth
dams", Proc., Symp. Seismic Design of Earth Dams
and Caverns, ASCE, New York, pp. 41{64 (1983).
32. Seed, H.B. and Harder, L.F. SPT-based analysis of
cyclic pore pressure generation and undrained residual
strength", Proceedings, Seed Memorial Symposium,
Vancouver, BiTech Publishers, pp. 351{376 (1990).
33. Finn, W.D.L. State of the art for the evaluation
of seismic liquefaction potential", Computers and
Geotechnics, 29, pp. 329{341 (2002).
34. Boulanger, R.W. and Idriss, I.M. Evaluation of cyclic
softening in silts and clays", Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 33(6), pp. 641{652 (2007).
35. Kishida, T. and Tsai, C. Seismic demand of the
liquefaction potential with equivalent number of cycles
for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis", Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(3), 04013023
(2014). DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943{5606.0001033
36. Boulanger, R.W. and Idriss, I.M. Magnitude scaling
factors in liquefaction triggering procedures", Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 79, pp. 296{
303 (2015). DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.01.004
37. Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W., Soil Liquefaction
During Earthquakes, EERI Publication, Monograph
MNO{12 Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,
Oakland (2008).
38. Kondoh, M., Sasaki, Y., and Matsumoto, H. Eect
of nes contents on soil liquefaction strength (Part
1)", Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Japanese
Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,
Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction,
Tsukuba, Japan (1987).
39. Liao, S.S.C. and Whitman, R.V. Overburden correction
factor for SPT in sand", Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 112(4), pp. 373{377 (1986).
40. Idriss, I.M. An update to the Seed-Idriss simplied
procedure for evaluating liquefaction potential", Proceedings
of TRB Workshop on New Approaches to Liquefaction,
Publication No. FHWA-RD-99-165, Federal
Highway Administration, Washington DC (1999).
41. Andrus, R.D., Piratheepan, P., Ellis, B.S., Zhang, J.,
and Juang, C.H. Comparing liquefaction evaluation
methods using penetration-Vs relationships", Soil Dynamics
and Earthquake Engineering, 24, pp. 713{721
(2004).
42. Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. SPT- and CPTbased
relationships for the residual shear strength of
liqueed soils", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,
68, pp. 57{68 (2014).
43. Cao, Z., Youd, T.L., and Yuan, X. Chinese dynamic
penetration test for liquefaction evaluation in gravelly
soils", Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
139(8), pp. 1320{1333 (2013).
44. Kim, J., Kawai, T., Kazama, M., and Mori, T.
Density index for estimating the postliquefaction
volumetric strain of silty soils", International Journal
of Geomechanics, 16(5), C4015005 (2016). DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000574
45. Dewoolkar, M., Hargy, J., Anderson, I., Alba,
P.D., and Olson, S.M. Residual and postliquefaction
strength of a liqueable sand", Journal of Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 142(2), 04015068
(2015). DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001374
46. Ishihara, K., Harada, K., Lee, W.F., Chan, C.C.,
and Saullah, A.M.M. Post-liquefaction settlement
analysis based on the volume change characteristics
of undisturbed and reconstituted samples", Soils and
Foundations, 56(3), pp. 533{546 (2016).
47. Kim, J., Kawai, T., and Kazama, M. Laboratory
testing procedure to assess post-liquefaction deformation
potential", Soils and Foundation, 57, pp. 905{919
(2017).
48. Kramer, S.L., Sideras, S.S., and Greeneld, M.W.
The timing of liquefaction and its utility in liquefaction
hazard evaluation", Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering, 91(C), pp. 133{146 (2016). DOI:
10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.07.025
656 E. Ghorbani and A.M. Rajabi/Scientia Iranica, Transactions A: Civil Engineering 27 (2020) 639{656
49. CSA (Canadian Standard Association), Risk Management:
Guideline for Decision-Makers (CAN/CSAQ850-
97), Rexdale, Ontario: Canadian Standard Association
(1997).
50. Vahdat, K., Smith, N.J., and Amiri, G.G. Fuzzy
multicriteria for developing a risk management system
in seismically prone area", Socia-Economic Planning
Sciences, 48, pp. 235{248 (2014).
51. Baker, J.W. and Faber, M.H. Liquefaction risk assessment
using geostatistics to account for soil special
variability", Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
134(1), pp. 14{23 (2008).
52. Kramer, S.L. and Mayeld, R.T. Performance-based
liquefaction hazard evaluation", Earthquake Engineering
and Soil Dynamics, Geo-Frontiers Congress, January
24-26, Austin, Texas, United States (2005). DOI:
10.1061/40779(158)21